to make wine, and when he said that he made it to be used as a medicine, the Holy Prophet replied that it was not a medicine (dawā’) but a disease (dā ’).54 But this prohibition was, in all likelihood, directed only against the making of wine; and as Navawī, the famous commentator of Muslim, explains, in a serious case, when life was in danger, wine could be used to save life, for even carrion and flesh of swine could be used in such a case. It may be added here that trading in wine was also prohibited by the Holy Prophet,55 and indeed it was necessary to prohibit both the preparing of wine and trading in it when the use of it was no longer permitted.

SEC. 3 — TOILET

Toilet and cleanliness recommended

The Holy Qur’ān lays down a general rule on toilet as follows: “Say, who has prohibited the adornment (zīnat) of Allāh, which He has brought forth for His servants, and the good provisions?” (7:32). The word zīnat, in this verse, has generally been understood to mean apparel, but it has really a wider significance including both the dress and make-up of a person. Zīnat has further been explained as including spiritual adornment, such as knowledge and good beliefs; bodily adornment, such as strength and tallness of stature; and extrinsic adornment such as wealth and dignity (R.). A good toilet is recommended even when going to a mosque: “O children of Adam, attend to your adornment at every time of prayer” (7:31). The Holy Qur’ān lays the greatest stress on cleanliness and literally gives it a place next to godliness when it says in one of the earliest revelations: “O thou who wrappest thyself up, arise and warn, and thy Lord do magnify, and thy garments do purify and uncleanness do shun” (74:1 -5). Great stress is laid on outward as well as on inward purity throughout the Holy Qur’ān.

Clothing

No limitations are placed upon the form or quality of clothing, either in the Holy Qur’ān or in Ḥadīth. The Holy Prophet is reported to have said: “Eat and drink and wear clothes and be charitable, not being extravagant or self-conceited” (Bu. 77:1). Ibn ‘Abbas said: “Eat